「Hafnium」調整以後𣍐蜀樣其地方
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無編輯摘要 |
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Dâ̤ 1 hòng:
{{Infobox element
|number=72
|symbol=Hf
|name=Hafni
|enname=hafnium
|laname=hafnium
|left=[[lutetium|Luteti]]
|right=[[tantalum|Tantan]]
|above=[[zirconium|Zirconi]]
|below=[[rutherfordium|Rutherfordi]]
|series=guó-dô gĭng-sṳ̆k
|group=4
|period=6
|block=d
|image name=Hf-crystal bar.jpg
|image name 2=Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png
|image name 2 comment=[[Spectral line]]s of hafnium (400–700 nm)
|appearance=steel gray
|atomic mass=178.49
|atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
|atomic mass 2=2
|atomic mass comment=
|electron configuration=[[[Xenon|Xe]]] 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>2</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
|phase=gó-tā̤
|density gpcm3nrt=13.31
|density gpcm3mp=12
|melting point K=2506
|melting point C=2233
|melting point F=4051
|boiling point K=4876
|boiling point C=4603
|boiling point F=8317
|heat fusion=27.2
|heat vaporization=648
|heat capacity=25.73
|vapor pressure 1=2689
|vapor pressure 10=2954
|vapor pressure 100=3277
|vapor pressure 1 k=3679
|vapor pressure 10 k=4194
|vapor pressure 100 k=4876
|vapor pressure comment=
|crystal structure=hexagonal close packed
|oxidation states='''4''', 3, 2, 1, −2
|oxidation states comment=(an [[amphoterism|amphoteric]] oxide)
|electronegativity=1.3
|number of ionization energies=3
|ionization energy 1=658.5
|ionization energy 2=1440
|ionization energy 3=2250
|atomic radius=159
|covalent radius=175±10
|magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]]
|magnetic ordering ref=<ref name=magnet>{{cite book |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf|chapter=Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds| editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5 }}
</ref>
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
|electrical resistivity at 20=331
|thermal conductivity=23.0
|thermal expansion at 25=5.9
|speed of sound rod at 20=3010
|Young's modulus=78
|Shear modulus=30
|Bulk modulus=110
|Poisson ratio=0.37
|Mohs hardness=5.5
|Vickers hardness=1520–2060
|Brinell hardness=1450–2100
|CAS number=7440-58-6
|isotopes=
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=172 | sym=Hf
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=1.87 y
| dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.350 | link1=lutetium-172| pn=172 | ps=Lu}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=174 | sym=Hf
| na=0.162% | hl=2×10<sup>15</sup> y
| dm=[[alpha emission|α]] | de=2.495 | link1=ytterbium-170 | pn=170 | ps=Yb}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=176 | sym=Hf | na=5.206% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=2.2550 | link1=ytterbium-172 | pn=172 | ps=Yb }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=177 | sym=Hf | na=18.606% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=2.2449 | link1=ytterbium-173 | pn=173 | ps=Yb }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=178 | sym=Hf | na=27.297% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=2.0832 | link1=ytterbium-174 | pn=174 | ps=Yb }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=178[[Nuclear isomer|m2]] | sym=Hf
| na=syn | hl=31 y
| dm=[[Gamma ray|IT]] | de=2.446 | pn=178 | ps=Hf }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=179 | sym=Hf | na=13.629% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=1.8065 | link1=ytterbium-175 | pn=175 | ps=Yb }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=180 | sym=Hf | na=35.1% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=1.2828 | link1=ytterbium-176 | pn=176 | ps=Yb }}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=182 | sym=Hf
| na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=8.9×10<sup>6</sup> y
| dm=[[beta emission|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.373 | link1=tantalum-182 | pn=182 | ps=Ta }}
|isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed
|naming=after ''{{lang|la|[[Hafnia (Latin)|Hafnia]]}}''. Latin for: [[Copenhagen]], where it was discovered
|predicted by=[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]
|prediction date=1869
|discovery and first isolation by=[[Dirk Coster]] and [[George de Hevesy]]
|discovery date=1922
}}
'''Hafnium''' sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[gĭng-sṳ̆k]], iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[huá-hŏk nguòng-só]]. [[Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só]] sê 72, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Hf.
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