「Germanium」調整以後𣍐蜀樣其地方
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Sĭng hiĕk: thumb|right|200px|Germanium '''Germanium''' sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gĭng-sṳ̆k, iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng huá-hŏk nguòng-só. Nguòng-... |
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{{infobox element
[[File:Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Germanium]]▼
|number=32
|symbol=Ge
|name=Gecmani
|enname=germanium
|laname=germanium
|left=[[gallium|Gali]]
|right=[[Piĕ (nguòng-só)|Piĕ]]
|above=[[Sĭk (nguòng-só)|Sĭk]]
|below=[[Sék]]
|series=lôi-gĭng-sṳ̆k
|group=14
|period=4
|block=p
|appearance=grayish-white
|image alt=Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
|image size=
|image name comment=A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
|atomic mass=72.630
|atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
|atomic mass 2=8
|atomic mass comment=
|electron configuration=[[[argon|Ar]]] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 4p<sup>2</sup>
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 4
|phase=gó-tā̤
|density gpcm3nrt=5.323
|density gpcm3mp=5.60
|melting point K=1211.40
|melting point C=938.25
|melting point F=1720.85
|boiling point K=3106
|boiling point C=2833
|boiling point F=5131
|heat fusion=36.94
|heat vaporization=334
|heat capacity=23.222
|vapor pressure 1=1644
|vapor pressure 10=1814
|vapor pressure 100=2023
|vapor pressure 1 k=2287
|vapor pressure 10 k=2633
|vapor pressure 100 k=3104
|vapor pressure comment=
|crystal structure=diamond cubic
|oxidation states='''4''', 3, '''2''', 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, '''−4'''
|oxidation states comment=(an [[amphoterism|amphoteric]] oxide)
|electronegativity=2.01
|number of ionization energies=3
|ionization energy 1=762
|ionization energy 2=1537.5
|ionization energy 3=3302.1
|atomic radius=122
|covalent radius=122
|Van der Waals radius=211
|magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]]
|magnetic ordering ref=<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</ref>
|electrical resistivity at 20=1
|thermal conductivity=60.2
|thermal expansion=6.0
|speed of sound rod at 20=5400
|Young's modulus=103
|Young's modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe>{{cite news|url=http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Ge|title=Properties of Germanium|publisher=[[Ioffe Institute]]}}</ref>
|Shear modulus=41
|Shear modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/>
|Bulk modulus=75
|Bulk modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/>
|Poisson ratio=0.26
|Poisson ratio ref=<ref name=ioffe/>
|Mohs hardness=6.0
|Vickers hardness=
|Brinell hardness=
|CAS number=7440-56-4
|band gap=0.67
|isotopes=
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=68 | sym=Ge | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=270.8 d | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=– | link1=gallium-68 | pn=68 | ps=Ga}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=70 | sym=Ge | na=21.23% | n=38 |firstlinks=yes}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=71 | sym=Ge | na=syn | hl=11.26 d | dm=ε | de=– | link1=gallium-71 | pn=71 | ps=Ga}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=72 | sym=Ge | na=27.66% | n=40 |firstlinks=no}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=73 | sym=Ge | na=7.73% | n=41 |firstlinks=no}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=74 | sym=Ge | na=35.94% | n=42 |firstlinks=no}}
{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=76 | sym=Ge | na=7.44% |
hl=1.78×10<sup>21</sup> y | dm=[[double beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=2.039
|link1=selenium-76 | pn=76 | ps=Se}}
|isotopes comment=
|naming=after [[Germany]], homeland of the discoverer
|predicted by=[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]
|prediction date=1871
|discovered by=[[Clemens Winkler]]
|discovery date=1886
}}
'''Germanium''' sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[gĭng-sṳ̆k]], iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[huá-hŏk nguòng-só]]. [[Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só]] sê 32, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Ge.
==Huá-hŏk séng-cék==
第6行 ⟶ 第96行：
==Cié-chṳ̄==
==Chăng-kō̤ cṳ̆-lâiu==
{{reflist}}
{{Ciŭ-gĭ-biēu}}
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